Python如何定义接口和抽象类

更多编程教程请到菜鸟教程友情链接高州阳光论坛 人人影视问题你想去定义一个接口, 又或者是一个抽象类, 并且借助执行类型检查, 以此来保证子类实现了某些特定的方法。解决方案使用 abc 模块可以很轻松的定义抽象基类from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethodclass ():def read(self, -1):passdef write(self, data):pass一个特点属于抽象类, 此特点为其不能直接被实例化, 举例而言, 像你想要依照下面这样去做, 这是不可以的:a IStream() # TypeError: Cant instantiate abstract class # IStream with abstract methods read, write抽象类的目的就是让别的类继承它并实现特定的抽象方法class SocketStream(IStream): def read(self, maxbytes-1): passdef write(self, data):pass有一个主要用途, 其是抽象基类在代码里的一个主要用途, 该用途是检查某些类, 这些类对于特定类型而言, 是否为特定类型, 并且实现了特定接口。def serialize(obj, stream): if not isinstance(stream, IStream): raise TypeError(Expected an IStream) pass某种方式是继承, 除此之外还存在另一种方式, 即注册方式, 有一个类, 通过这种注册方式能够实现抽象基类。import iothe built-in I/O as our.(io.)Open a file and type checkf open(‘foo.txt’)(f, ) # True 它还能够对静态方法、类方法进行注解, 并且。 你只需要确保这个注解紧紧挨着函数定义的前面就行class A(metaclassABCMeta): property abstractmethod def name(self): passname.def name(self, value):passdef (cls):passdef ():pass讨论标准库里头存在着好多使用到抽象基类的地方, 模块界定了好多与容器以及迭代器序列、映射、集合之类的相关联的抽象基类, 库设定了和数字对象整数、浮点数、有理数等有关联的基类, io库刻画了好多跟I/O操作有关系的基类。你可以使用预定义的抽象类来执行更通用的类型检查例如import collectionsCheck if x is aif (x, .):Check if x isif (x, .):Check if x has a sizeif (x, .Sized):Check if x is aif (x, .):尽管借助ABCs能够使我们颇为便利地去进行类型检查, 然而我们于代码当中, 最好是不要过度地去运用它。因为其从本质上而言, 属于一门动态编程语言, 它的目的在于赋予你更多的灵活性, 要是强制进行类型检查而致使你的代码变得更为复杂, 如此这般去做, 无疑是舍弃了根本而追逐次要的东西, 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