学Python如果不搞明白GIL，就像开车不看后视镜

理解GIL多线程的真相不少资深程序员编写代码历经多年, 多线程运用极为熟练。一旦询问GIL是什么, 便吞吞吐吐难以作答。这情形如同驱车行驶时不看后视镜, 只是一味向前猛冲。终究是早晚会出问题的。GIL的全名是Lock, 也就是全局解释器锁。这东西是解释器当中的一种机制。它规定在同一时刻, 仅有一个线程能够执行字节码。其他线程要是想干活? 那就只能等着了。你或许会认为这并不合理, 在多核CPU的时代状况下, 存在一个锁将性能限制得极为严格, 然而, 这算得上是设计方面具有的缺陷吗? 并非如此, 在它诞生的那个时候, 单核CPU属于主流情况, GIL使得内存管理变得较为简便, 无需去思考多个线程之间开展抢夺资源情况的问题, 许多底层的C扩展库同样是依据这样的一种假设而编写完成的。总的来讲, GIL是出于安全方面考量所设置的“单行道”, 其带来的益处在于, 对于普通开发者而言, 不容易编写出存在内存泄漏情况的并发代码, 然而, 其存在的弊端则是, 对于计算密集型的多线程程序来说, 在多核机器上运行时, 所呈现出的速度跟单线程运行时一样缓慢。为你编写一个爬虫, 开启20个线程去抓取网页, 工作线程在大部分时间里都处于等待网络响应的状态, 此时的CPU处于空闲状况, GIL于这个时候基本不会产生干扰, 网络IO的速度相当迅速, 转瞬之间便释放锁, 其他线程能够接力, 这样的场景下多线程不存在问题。但倘若你运用写图像处理, 又或者运行一个用来计算圆周率的死循环, 那就糟糕了。每一个线程仅仅能够获取到极少的CPU时间片, 不停地切换变动, 其效率甚至比不上单线程。你望着CPU使用率仅仅只有100%, 然而却开启了8个线程, 进而怀疑人生。有人进行询问, 可不可以将GIL去掉, 答案是肯定的, 但所付出的代价太过于巨大, 一旦去掉GIL那么原本的垃圾回收全部都需要重新去编写, 所有基于C的第三方库都有可能会崩溃当下的生态实在是太过庞大了, 若想要变动这个根基, 基本上是不可能的事情。那个情况下该如何处理呢? 存在着相应的途径。对于CPU密集型的任务, 要选用特定的模块。采用多进程的方式, 并且每个进程都具备自身独立的GIL, 它们之间相互不会产生干扰。然而其不足之处在于, 你必须自行去处理进程之间的通信问题。而且数据共享相较于多线程而言更为繁杂。对于IO密集型之类的任务而言, 直接采用多线程来处理。或者运用在.4之后才加入的那种方式, 也就是执行异步编程, 处于单线程环境里借助事件循环对IO请求予以处理。其效率较比多线程还要高, 并且还不会受到GIL的影响。了解到GIL的存在, 并非是要去抱怨它。其目的在于选择方案时, 能够做到心里有相应的底数。当采用框架时, 举例来说, 它处理请求默认采用的是多线程方式。大部分业务逻辑主要耗时在于查询数据库, 其中IO占据了主要的时间部分。GIL并非是瓶颈所在。要是去编写一个实时视频处理服务, 倘若还用那一套多线程方式, 那就等着遭遇挫折吧。仍旧存在着一个微小的细节之处, 关于GIL在设计层面存在着不少的优化举措, 举例而言, 线程如若处于等待IO的状况下就会主动去释放GIL, 并且在.2之后还引入了一些改进内容, 促使GIL在切换之际能够更为公平, 不会出现致使某个线程被饿死然而依旧是那句话表示, 针对于计算密集型的多线程而言, 其性能层面的瓶颈恰恰就在那个锁上头。我曾见识过一些项目, 在面试之际声称运用了多线程来提高性能。待代码映入眼帘, 却发现是计算型任务, 且运行于服务器之上。那所谓的多线程纯粹是为了面试而编写的, 实际上毫无提升效果。这般之人恰似仅仅踩踏油门却不留意路况, 迟早会撞上墙壁。对于实际操作的人而言, 搞相关东西时, 可不写多线程。然而, 一旦提及GIL, 那就得明确说出它是啥, 知道其影响在何处, 晓得该如何去绕开它。这乃是基础能力。这般情形就如同老司机在挂挡之前会先扫瞧一眼后视镜一样。并非每天都会运用到这一点。但要是碰到需要变道超车的状况, 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