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 3、web服务器基本配置

服务器端：此处使用nginx提供web服务，RPM包获取：http://nginx.org/packages/

[root@localhost ~]# dnf install nginx -y
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -v
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -V
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ql nginx
[root@localhost httpd]# tree /etc/nginx
[root@localhost ~]# tree /etc/nginx/
/etc/nginx/
├── conf.d #子配置文件目录
├── default.d
├── fastcgi.conf
├── fastcgi.conf.default
├── fastcgi_params #用以翻译nginx的变量供php识别
├── fastcgi_params.default
├── koi-utf
├── koi-win
├── mime.types #用以配置支持的媒体文件类型
├── mime.types.default
├── nginx.conf #主配置文件
├── nginx.conf.default
├── scgi_params
├── scgi_params.default
├── uwsgi_params #用以配置nginx的变量供python识别
├── uwsgi_params.default
└── win-utf
[root@localhost ~]# tree /usr/share/nginx/html/ #默认的nginx网站根目录
[root@localhost ~]# tree /var/log/nginx/ #nginx的日志文件所在目录

#nginx服务主配置文件nginx.conf的结构
[root@localhost nginx]# grep ^[^#] /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
=========全局配置（无{}标志）=======================
user nginx; #进程所属用户
worker_processes auto; #worker数量
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; #错误日志存放路径
pid /run/nginx.pid; #pid文件路径
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf; #include导入的功能模块配置文件
=========全局配置（无{}标志）=======================
==========性能配置（有{}标志）=================
events {
worker_connections 1024; #TCP连接数
}
==========性能配置（有{}标志）=================
=========http模块配置（有{}标志）==================
http { #http区块开始
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request"
'
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; #错误日
志格式
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; #访问日志路径
sendfile on; #开启高效文件传输模式
tcp_nopush on; #性能优化参数
tcp_nodelay on; #性能优化参数
keepalive_timeout 65; #持久连接时间或超时时间
types_hash_max_size 4096; #性能优化参数
include /etc/nginx/mime.types; #可解析的静态资源类型
default_type application/octet-stream;
# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; #子配置文件存放路径
server { #server区块开始
listen 80; #监听端口
listen [::]:80;
server_name _; #服务器的名字
root /usr/share/nginx/html; #主页存放路径
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf; #子配置文件存放路径
error_page 404 /404.html; #404错误返回的页面
location = /40x.html { #使用location定义用户请求的uri
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; #500、502、503、504返回的页面
location = /50x.html {
}
} #server区块结束
} #http区块结束
=========http模块配置（有{}标志）==================

[root@localhost ~]#systemctl disable firewalld --now
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
[root@localhost ~]# getenforce
Permissive
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
#测试可以使用curl命令访问web服务器或者使用浏览器访问
[root@localhost ~]# curl -I localhost
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.21.5
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 08:40:28 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 3510
Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 15:48:29 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "653695cd-db6"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

 实验1：搭建一个web服务器，访问该服务器时显示“hello world”欢迎界面 。

[root@localhost ~]# echo "hello world" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# curl localhost
hello world
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.168.153
hello world

 实验2：建立两个基于ip地址访问的网站，要求如下

#添加ip地址
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens33 +ipv4.addresses
192.168.168.100/24 +ipv4.gateway 192.168.168.2 ipv4.dns 114.114.114.114
ipv4.method manual autoconnect yes
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens33 +ipv4.addresses
192.168.168.200/24
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection up ens33#创建两个网页文件根目录，并定义网页内容
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -pv /www/ip/{100,200}
[root@localhost ~]# echo this is 100 > /www/ip/100/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# echo this is 200 > /www/ip/200/index.html
#设置selinux，必须设置，否则无法看到网页页面内容
[root@server html]# setenforce 0
[root@server html]# getenforce
Permissive#定义基于不同ip地址来访问网站的配置文件
#新建文件，写入如下配置
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/test_ip.conf
server {listen 192.168.168.100:80;root /www/ip/100;location / {}
}
server {listen 192.168.168.200:80;root /www/ip/200;location / {}
}
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.168.100
this is 100
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.168.200
this is 200

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -pv /www/port/{80,10000}
[root@localhost ~]# echo the port is 80 > /www/port/80/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# echo the port is 10000 > /www/port/10000/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens33 +ipv4.addresses
192.168.168.153/24
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection up ens33
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/test_port.conf
server {listen 192.168.168.153:80;root /www/port/80;location / {}
}
server {listen 192.168.168.153:10000;root /www/port/10000;location / {}
}
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.168.153:10000
the port is 10000
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.168.153
the port is 80

[root@localhost conf.d]# nmcli connection modify ens33 +ipv4.addresses
192.168.168.154/24
[root@localhost conf.d]# nmcli connection up ens33
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /www/{name,ce}
[root@localhost ~]# echo this is test > /www/name/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# echo today is first day of class > /www/ce/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/test_servername.conf
server {
listen 192.168.168.154:80;server_name www.ceshi.com;root /www/name;location / {}
}
server {listen 192.168.168.154:80;server_name rhce.first.day ce.first.day;root /www/ce;location / {}
}
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/hosts
192.168.168.154 www.ceshi.com rhce.first.day ce.first.day
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# curl www.ceshi.com
this is test
[root@localhost ~]# curl rhce.first.day
today is first day of class
[root@localhost ~]# curl ce.first.day
today is first day of class

 实验5：基于虚拟目录和用户控制的web网站

#虚拟目录实现
[root@localhost conf.d]# nmcli connection modify ens33 +ipv4.addresses
192.168.168.155/24
[root@localhost conf.d]# nmcli connection up ens33
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/test_virtualdir.conf
server {listen 192.168.168.155:80;root /usr/share/nginx/html;location /real {alias /www/real;}
}
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /www/real/
[root@localhost ~]# echo real-virtual > /www/real/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.168.155/real/
real-virtual
#用户访问控制
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/test_virtualdir.conf
server {listen 192.168.168.155:80;root /usr/share/nginx/html;location /real {alias /www/real;auth_basic on;auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/conf.d/auth-password;}
}
[root@localhost ~]# dnf install httpd-tools -y
[root@localhost ~]# htpasswd -cb /etc/nginx/conf.d/auth-password user1
123456
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.168.155/real/
<html>
<head><title>401 Authorization Required</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>401 Authorization Required</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.21.5</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.168.155/real/ -u user1
Enter host password for user 'user1':
real-virtual
[root@localhost ~]# curl user1:123456@192.168.168.155/real
<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.21.5</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@localhost ~]# curl user1:123456@192.168.168.155/real/
real-virtual

 4.2 搭建静态网站——基于https协议的静态网站

（1）https简介

超文本传输协议 HTTP 协议被用于在 Web 浏览器和网站服务器之间传递信息。 HTTP 协议以明文方式发送内容，不提供任何方式的数据加密，如果攻击者截取了Web 浏览器和网站服务器之间的传输报文，就可以直接读懂其中的信息，因此HTTP 协议不适合传输一些敏感信息，比如信用卡号、密码等。为了解决

HTTP 协议的这一缺陷，需要使用另一种协议：安全套接字层超文本传输协议 HTTPS 。

HTTPS （全称： Hyper Text Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer 或 Hypertext Transfer

Protocol Secure ，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道。 HTTPS并不是一个新协议 而是 HTTP+SSL （ TLS ）。原本 HTTP 先和 TCP （假定传输层是 TCP 协议）直接通信，而加了 SSL 后，就变 成 HTTP 先和 SSL 通信，再由 SSL 和 TCP 通信，相当于 SSL 被嵌在了 HTTP 和 TCP 之间。

#https功能由ngx_http_ssl_module模块提供
[rootlocalhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens33 +ipv4.addresses
192.168.168.156/24
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection up ens33
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -pv /www/https/
[root@localhost ~]# echo https > /www/https/index.html
[root@localhost conf.d]# cd /etc/pki/tls/certs/
#key是私钥文件
[root@localhost certs]# openssl genrsa -out https.key
#crt是由证书颁发机构（CA）签名后的证书，或者是开发者自签名的证书，包含证书持有人的信息，持
有人的公钥，以及签署者的签名等信息
[root@localhost certs]# openssl req -utf8 -new -key https.key -x509 -days
100 -out https.crt
[[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/test_https.conf
server {# listen 80;listen 192.168.168.156:443 ssl;root /www/https;ssl_certificate /etc/pki/tls/certs/https.crt;ssl_certificate_key /etc/pki/tls/certs/https.key;location / {}}
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# curl --insecure https://192.168.168.156
https
[root@localhost ~]# curl -k https://192.168.168.156
https

[root@localhost nginx]# nmcli connection modify ens33 +ipv4.addresses
192.168.168.157/24
[root@localhost nginx]# nmcli connection up ens33
[root@localhost ~]# dnf install php php-fpm -y
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx php-fpm
[root@ntp-server ~]# echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" >
/usr/share/nginx/html/index.php
#使用浏览器访问