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7.1 A Flavor of Python

Key Concepts:

1. Filter and Map Operations: Implement Python-style functional programming patterns using C++20 Ranges
2. Lazy Evaluation: Use range adaptors for efficient composition
3. List Comprehension: Create Python-like generator expressions

Code Implementation:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <ranges>int main() {std::vector<int> numbers{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};// Filter even numbers and square themauto result = numbers | std::views::filter([](int n) { return n % 2 == 0; }) |std::views::transform([](int n) { return n * n; });std::cout << "Filtered & Mapped: ";for (int v : result) {std::cout << v << " ";}// List comprehension equivalentauto comprehension = std::views::iota(1, 10) | std::views::transform([](int n) { return n * n; });std::cout << "\nComprehension: ";for (int v : comprehension) {std::cout << v << " ";}
}

Explanation:

• Uses C++20 Ranges with pipe operator | for composition
• std::views::filter and std::views::transform create lazy-evaluated views
• std::views::iota generates number sequences
• Output demonstrates both explicit filtering and Python-style comprehension

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7.2 Variations of Futures

Key Concepts:

1. Lazy Futures: Defer execution until value is requested
2. Async Execution: Manage thread execution with std::async

Code Implementation:

#include <iostream>
#include <future>
#include <thread>template<typename T>
class LazyFuture {std::function<T()> func;
public:LazyFuture(auto f) : func(f) {}T get() { return func(); }
};int main() {// Lazy futureLazyFuture<int> lazy([]{std::cout << "Calculating...\n";return 42;});std::cout << "Lazy created\n";std::cout << "Value: " << lazy.get() << "\n";// Async futureauto async_future = std::async(std::launch::async, []{std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));return 3.1415;});std::cout << "Async result: " << async_future.get() << "\n";
}

Explanation:

• LazyFuture delays execution until get() is called
• std::async with std::launch::async forces thread creation
• Demonstrates different evaluation strategies
• Output shows execution timing differences

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7.3 Generator Modification and Generalization

Key Concepts:

1. Coroutine Generators: Implement Python-style generators using C++20 coroutines
2. Iterator Protocol: Create range-adaptable generators

Code Implementation:

#include <iostream>
#include <coroutine>template<typename T>
struct Generator {struct promise_type {T value;auto get_return_object() { return Generator{this}; }auto initial_suspend() { return std::suspend_always{}; }auto final_suspend() noexcept { return std::suspend_always{}; }void return_void() {}void unhandled_exception() { std::terminate(); }auto yield_value(T val) {value = val;return std::suspend_always{};}};std::coroutine_handle<promise_type> coro;explicit Generator(promise_type* p): coro(std::coroutine_handle<promise_type>::from_promise(*p)) {}~Generator() { if (coro) coro.destroy(); }T next() {coro.resume();return coro.promise().value;}
};Generator<int> range(int start, int stop, int step=1) {for (int i = start; i < stop; i += step) {co_yield i;}
}int main() {auto gen = range(0, 10, 2);std::cout << "Generated: ";for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {std::cout << gen.next() << " ";}
}

Explanation:

• Implements C++20 coroutine generator
• promise_type handles coroutine state
• range generator produces values on demand
• Output shows even numbers from 0-8

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7.4 Job Workflows

Key Concepts:

1. Coroutine Task Chains: Create dependent async operations
2. Automatic Resumption: Manage coroutine execution flow

Code Implementation:

#include <iostream>
#include <coroutine>
#include <thread>struct Task {struct promise_type {Task get_return_object() { return {}; }std::suspend_never initial_suspend() { return {}; }std::suspend_never final_suspend() noexcept { return {}; }void return_void() {}void unhandled_exception() { std::terminate(); }};
};Task async_work() {struct Awaitable {bool await_ready() { return false; }void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<> h) {std::thread([h] {std::cout << "Working...\n";h.resume();}).detach();}void await_resume() {}};co_await Awaitable{};
}int main() {async_work();std::cout << "Main continues\n";std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
}

Explanation:

• Demonstrates coroutine-based async workflow
• Awaitable handles thread creation
• Output shows non-blocking async execution
• Uses detached thread for background work

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7.5 Thread Synchronization

Key Concepts:

1. Atomic Synchronization: Compare different synchronization primitives
2. Performance Analysis: Measure synchronization overhead

Code Implementation:

#include <iostream>
#include <atomic>
#include <thread>
#include <semaphore>std::atomic<int> counter{0};
constexpr int N = 1'000'000;void atomic_inc() {for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {counter.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);}
}int main() {{std::jthread t1(atomic_inc);std::jthread t2(atomic_inc);}std::cout << "Atomic result: " << counter << " (expected " << 2*N << ")\n";
}

Explanation:

• Uses C++20 std::jthread for automatic joining
• Demonstrates atomic counter with relaxed ordering
• Output verifies correct synchronization
• Shows lock-free programming pattern

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Compilation Instructions:

All examples require C++20 support. Compile with:

g++ -std=c++20 -fcoroutines -pthread example.cpp

Key points for each implementation:

1. Use proper includes for C++20 features
2. Note coroutine requires -fcoroutines flag in GCC
3. Link pthread library for synchronization primitives
4. Check compiler support for ranges (libstdc++ 10+)

Multiple-Choice Questions

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Question 1: Coroutine Frameworks
Which of the following statements about C++20 coroutines are true?
A) co_yield suspends a coroutine and returns a value to the caller.
B) co_return must always return a value of type std::coroutine_handle.
C) The promise_type must define get_return_object() to create the coroutine return type.
D) Coroutines require heap allocation by default.

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Question 2: Generator Implementation
In the Generator<T> case study, which components are required for a working generator?
A) A promise_type with yield_value().
B) Use of std::future to store intermediate values.
C) A struct inheriting std::coroutine_handle<>.
D) Manual memory management for coroutine state.

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Question 3: Python-Style List Comprehension
Which C++20 features enable Python-like list comprehension using ranges?
A) Range adaptors with | operator chaining.
B) std::views::transform and std::views::filter.
C) std::execution::par_unseq for parallel execution.
D) Coroutines to generate elements lazily.

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Question 4: Lazy Futures
What are characteristics of a “lazy future” implementation?
A) Execution starts immediately upon future creation.
B) Execution is deferred until co_await is called.
C) Requires std::async for thread management.
D) Uses co_await to suspend and resume execution.

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Question 5: Thread Synchronization
Which synchronization primitives avoid data races in the “Fast Synchronization” case study?
A) std::mutex with std::lock_guard.
B) std::atomic_flag with test_and_set().
C) std::counting_semaphore.
D) std::barrier for phased synchronization.

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Question 6: std::jthread Features
What distinguishes std::jthread from std::thread?
A) Automatically joins on destruction.
B) Supports cooperative interruption via request_stop().
C) Uses std::stop_token to signal cancellation.
D) Guarantees lock-free atomic operations.

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Question 7: Range Adaptors
Which range operations are valid for composing algorithms?
A) views::filter | views::transform.
B) views::reverse | views::take(5).
C) views::concat | views::split.
D) views::drop_while | views::join.

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Question 8: Coroutine State Management
What guarantees are true about coroutine state?
A) Coroutine state is destroyed when the coroutine completes.
B) promise_type::final_suspend() controls whether the coroutine self-destructs.
C) The caller must manually destroy the coroutine frame.
D) std::coroutine_handle::destroy() explicitly deallocates the coroutine state.

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Question 9: std::atomic_ref Usage
When is std::atomic_ref<T> necessary?
A) To enforce atomic access to non-atomic variables.
B) To replace volatile for memory-mapped I/O.
C) To synchronize access to elements in a std::vector<T>.
D) To guarantee sequential consistency without explicit memory ordering.

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Question 10: Cooperative Interruption
Which components participate in cooperative interruption?
A) std::stop_source.
B) std::condition_variable_any.
C) std::interrupt_flag.
D) std::stop_callback.

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Question 11: std::latch vs. std::barrier
How do std::latch and std::barrier differ?
A) A latch is single-use; a barrier is reusable.
B) A latch decrements a counter; a barrier waits for a fixed number of threads.
C) A barrier supports phased synchronization.
D) A latch can be incremented by multiple threads.

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Question 12: Undefined Behavior in Coroutines
Which actions cause undefined behavior in coroutines?
A) Destroying a coroutine handle before the coroutine completes.
B) Resuming a coroutine after its promise object is destroyed.
C) Calling co_await on a suspended coroutine.
D) Using co_return without defining promise_type::return_void().

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Question 13: std::format Usage
Which statements about std::format are correct?
A) Supports compile-time format string validation.
B) std::format_to writes to an output iterator.
C) User-defined types must specialize std::formatter<T>.
D) std::format("{}", 3.14) defaults to hexadecimal representation.

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Question 14: Memory Order in Atomics
Which memory orders are valid for std::atomic::load()?
A) memory_order_relaxed.
B) memory_order_acquire.
C) memory_order_release.
D) memory_order_seq_cst.

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Question 15: std::span Safety
What are risks when using std::span?
A) Storing a span that outlives the underlying data.
B) Passing a span with static extent to a function expecting dynamic extent.
C) Modifying elements of a std::span<const int>.
D) Using std::span<T> to reference non-contiguous memory.

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Answers & Explanations

1. A, C

   • co_yield suspends and returns a value (A).
   • promise_type must define get_return_object() ©.
   • co_return does not require std::coroutine_handle (B). Coroutines can avoid heap allocation via custom allocators (D: false).

2. A, C

   • promise_type::yield_value() enables co_yield (A).
   • The generator uses std::coroutine_handle ©.
   • No std::future or manual memory management is required (B, D: false).

3. A, B

   • Range adaptors with | enable chaining (A).
   • transform and filter compose operations (B).
   • Coroutines are unrelated to list comprehension here (D: false).

4. B, D

   • Lazy futures defer execution until awaited (B).
   • co_await manages suspension (D).
   • Immediate execution (A) and std::async © are false.

5. B, C, D

   • atomic_flag (B), semaphores ©, and barriers (D) avoid data races.
   • std::mutex is not used in the lock-free example (A: false).

6. A, B, C

   • jthread auto-joins (A), supports request_stop() (B), and uses stop_token ©.
   • No lock-free guarantee (D: false).

7. A, B, D

   • Valid compositions: filter|transform (A), reverse|take (B), drop_while|join (D).
   • concat and split are not composable via | (C: false).

8. A, B, D

   • Coroutine state is destroyed on completion (A).
   • final_suspend() controls self-destruction (B).
   • destroy() explicitly frees state (D). Caller does not manually destroy (C: false).

9. A, C

   • atomic_ref enforces atomic access to non-atomic variables (A).
   • Useful for std::vector elements ©.
   • Not for memory-mapped I/O (B) or replacing volatile (B: false).

10. A, D

    • stop_source and stop_callback handle interruption (A, D).
    • condition_variable_any is unrelated (B: false).

11. A, C

    • Latches are single-use (A); barriers are reusable with phases ©.
    • Latches decrement (B: partial truth), but barriers also wait for threads.

12. B, D

    • Resuming after promise destruction (B) and missing return_void() (D) cause UB.
    • Destroying handles early is safe if coroutine completed (A: false).

13. A, B, C

    • Compile-time validation (A), format_to (B), and formatter<T> specialization © are correct.
    • Default format for 3.14 is decimal (D: false).

14. A, B, D

    • Valid memory orders: relaxed, acquire, seq_cst (A, B, D).
    • release is invalid for loads (C: false).

15. A, D

    • Span outliving data (A) and non-contiguous memory (D) are risks.
    • Static vs. dynamic extent is checked at compile time (B: false). span<const int> prohibits modification (C: false).\

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C++20 Design Problems

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Problem 1: Lazy Filtered Range Generator
Task: Implement a C++20 coroutine-based generator that lazily produces values from a range filtered by a predicate. The generator must:

1. Use co_yield for value production
2. Support range-based for loops
3. Compose with standard range adaptors
4. Enforce predicate constraints via concepts

// Test in main()
int main() {auto gen = filtered_view(std::views::iota(1,20), [](int x){ return x%3 == 0;});for (int val : gen | std::views::take(5)) {std::cout << val << " "; // Should output: 3 6 9 12 15}
}

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Problem 2: async_transform Algorithm
Task: Create a parallel version of std::transform using C++20 coroutines and std::jthread that:

1. Processes elements asynchronously
2. Maintains input order in output
3. Uses execution policies similar to STL parallelism
4. Implements proper exception propagation

// Test in main()
int main() {std::vector<int> src{1,2,3,4,5};std::vector<int> dst(5);async_transform(std::execution::par, src.begin(), src.end(), dst.begin(),[](int x) { return x*10; });// dst should contain {10,20,30,40,50}
}

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Problem 3: Concept-Constrained Pipeline
Task: Design a type-safe pipeline operator |> using C++20 concepts that:

1. Works with range adaptors
2. Enforces compatible types between pipeline stages
3. Supports both eager and lazy evaluation
4. Provides CTAD for pipeline composition

// Test in main()
int main() {auto pipeline = make_pipeline([](auto x) { return x*2; },[](auto x) { return x+1; });auto result = std::vector{1,2,3} |> pipeline;// Should output {3,5,7}
}

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Problem 4: Thread-Safe Observable Pattern
Task: Implement an observable pattern using C++20 synchronization primitives that:

1. Uses std::atomic_ref for thread-safe value access
2. Supports coroutine-based observers
3. Implements RAII for observer registration
4. Avoids data races using lock-free techniques

// Test in main()
int main() {Observable<int> value(0);auto observer = value.observe([](int x) {std::cout << "Value changed to " << x << "\n";});std::jthread worker([&]{for(int i=1; i<=5; ++i)value.set(i);});
}

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Problem 5: Compile-Time String Processing
Task: Create a constexpr string processor using C++20 features that:

1. Uses consteval functions
2. Supports string operations at compile-time
3. Generates lookup tables for character transformations
4. Validates operations through concept constraints

// Test in main()
int main() {constexpr auto processed = CompileStringProcessor<"Hello_World">().filter([](char c){ return c != '_'; }).transform([](char c){ return c == 'o' ? '0' : c; });static_assert(processed.str == "Hell0World");
}

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Problem 6: Cancellable Parallel Reduce
Task: Implement a parallel reduction algorithm using std::stop_token that:

1. Supports early cancellation
2. Uses std::jthread for worker management
3. Accumulates partial results safely
4. Implements work stealing for load balancing

// Test in main()
int main() {std::vector<int> data(1'000'000, 1);auto [result, ok] = parallel_reduce(data, 0, std::plus<>{});assert(result == 1'000'000 && ok);
}

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Problem 7: Type-Safe Variant Visitor
Task: Design a std::variant visitor using C++20 concepts that:

1. Enforces complete coverage of variant types
2. Provides compile-time validation
3. Supports recursive variants
4. Uses if constexpr for type dispatch

// Test in main()
int main() {using Var = std::variant<int, std::string>;auto visitor = make_visitor([](int x) { return x*2; },[](const std::string& s) { return s.size(); });Var v1 = 42, v2 = "test";assert(visit(visitor, v1) == 84);assert(visit(visitor, v2) == 4);
}

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Problem 8: Memory-Mapped Range Adapter
Task: Create a std::span-based range adapter that:

1. Maps memory regions to C++ objects
2. Uses std::bit_cast for type safety
3. Supports chunked processing
4. Implements bounds checking with contracts

// Test in main()
int main() {std::vector<byte> buffer(1024);auto int_view = memory_map<int>(buffer);int_view[0] = 0x12345678;assert(buffer[0] == 0x78 && buffer[1] == 0x56);
}

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Problem 9: Constraint-Based Matrix
Task: Implement a matrix class using C++20 concepts that:

1. Enforces arithmetic types via concepts
2. Supports compile-time size checking
3. Uses std::mdspan for multi-dimensional access
4. Implements matrix operations with concept constraints

// Test in main()
int main() {Matrix<int, 2, 3> m1{1,2,3,4,5,6};Matrix<int, 3, 2> m2{7,8,9,10,11,12};auto result = m1 * m2; // Should produce 2x2 matrixassert(result[0][0] == 58);
}

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Problem 10: Coroutine-Based State Machine
Task: Create a state machine using C++20 coroutines that:

1. Uses co_await for state transitions
2. Supports hierarchical states
3. Implements transition guards
4. Generates state transition diagrams

// Test in main()
int main() {auto machine = make_state_machine(State{"Idle", [](auto){ /*...*/ }},State{"Active", [](auto){ /*...*/ }});machine.process(Event::Start);assert(machine.current_state() == "Active");
}

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Solutions & Explanations

Wait for resolution…

Key Techniques:

1. Coroutine State Management: Uses promise_type to track filtered values
2. Range Integration: Implements begin()/end() for range-based for support
3. Lazy Evaluation: Only processes elements when iterated
4. Concept Enforcement: Uses std::ranges::range constraint
5. Composition: Works with standard range adaptors like take

Test Cases:

• Filters multiples of 3 from numbers 1-19
• Takes first 5 results
• Verifies output order and values

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Other solutions would similarly combine C++20 features like:

• Coroutine state machines (Problem 10)
• Concept-based constraints (Problems 3,9)
• Parallel algorithms with synchronization (Problems 2,6)
• Compile-time computations (Problem 5)
• Memory-safe abstractions (Problem 8)